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Tropical peatlands are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic alterations. In Costa Rica, riverine peatlands are understudied, and most are not included in protected areas. This study aims to generating information useful to assess the anthropogenic pressure in a riverine peatland in Los Robles Sector (LRS) of Medio Queso Wetland (MQW) complex. Evaluations of impacts of fires on vegetation and surface peat chemistry, and the post-2021 fire, makeup of dominant vegetation changes with the Cyperaceae species Scleria melaleuca replacing Eleocharis interstincta as the dominant species are presented. The topsoil (0–20 cm) total C content was quantified as lower than 300 g kg−1 with no significant statistical differences in total C and N content between soil shortly after the fires or two years later. The species E. interstincta is observed to promote higher C stability during the dry season, and has a more recalcitrant composition of the root system compared to the post 2021-fire dominant S. melaleuca. To reduce the impact on C accumulation, measures to prevent grazing-originated fires, especially when the water table is low, are urgent. Hence, this work aims at proving information that can be a baseline for impacts assessment and to inform conservation measures and policies.